Pour te donner une idée le dernier que j’ai fait c’était en janvier 2023 Paris->Toulouse en couchette de 2nd classe, c’était 37€ mais j’ai déjà payé 48€ pour le même service. Après ca varie fortement, c’est clairement moins cher si tu peux reservé en avance. Ca m’est arrivé de payer 150€ parceque je reservais le jour même et qu’il ne restait que des billets de 1er classe.
Pour avoir fait pas mal de fois Toulouse-Paris en train de nuit l’année dernière, c’est vraiment top. J’y dors généralement bien et ça me donne l’impression de ne pas perdre de temps dans les transports (même si j’aime bien le train). En plus, je seul moment où je peux apprécier Paris c’est à 7h du mat’ quand il n’y a pas grand monde et que tu peux aller te prendre un café et une tartine dans les cafés qui ouvrent tout doucement. Donc je plussoie fort vers le haut !
Je suis étonné que les Pays Bas soient aussie haut, ils ont la réputation de manger un sandwich triangle devant le pc le midi et des tartines le soir. Ca vaut aussi dans une moindre mesure pour les Allemands.
It seems the temperature has been slightly hotter about 6500 years ago for a period of around 2 centuries with temperature estimated between +0.8 and +1.8 °C compared to 19th century, but this is subject to debate, (see for example https://www.nature.com/articles/s41597-020-0530-7).
Before that, we have to go back to a period where most Homo Sapiens were living in Africa about 125,000 years ago, where warming was likely +0.5 to +1.5°C compared to the same 19th century baseline.
Regardless if there was periods much hotter in the long past, the big difference with today’s situation is the rate at which this warming is taking place. For example, for the “6500 years ago” period, it took about 3000 years of warming to go from +0 to it’s maximum (which is between +0.8 and +1.8 °C). Today we are at about +1.1°C and it took us only 100 years, through fossil fuels burning and farming to reach that and most of which happened in the past 50 years.
Sources:
Also, about oxygen 16 and oxygen 18:
The water remaining in the ocean develops increasingly higher concentration of heavy oxygen compared to the universal standard, and the ice develops a higher concentration of light oxygen. Thus, high concentrations of heavy oxygen in the ocean tell scientists that light oxygen was trapped in the ice sheets. The exact oxygen ratios can show how much ice covered the Earth. Sources:
Where I was working Excel was used for the specification of scientific data. You get stuff like thousands of rows in several sheets themselves in multiple files that inherit from one another and everything is edited by hand… And I maintained a tool that combined them to create binary files from this mess. Lot of fun.